^{216} Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1944), p. 4.

^{217} Ralph Waldo Emerson, «Lecture on the Times», in Emerson, Prose Works (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1870), vol. 1, p. 149.

^{218} Andrew Kull, The Color-Blind Constitution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 1–2, 146–148; U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Protection of the Laws in Higher Education, 1960 (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 148.

^{219} Senator Hubert Humphrey, 110 Congressional Record, 1964, p. 6548–49, quoted in Edward J. Erler, «The Future of Civil Rights: Affirmative Action Redivivus», Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy, 11 (1997), p. 26.

^{220} Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 202; Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Erea: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 150; Herman Belz, Equality Transformed: A Quarter Century of Affirmative Action (New Brunswick: Translation, 1991), p. 25; Nathan Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, 1964–1982 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 162.

^{221} Bayard Rustin, «From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement», Commentary, 39 (Feb. 1965), p. 27; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, p. 161–162.

^{222} Graham, Civil Rights Era, p. 250; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, p. 262; Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 200–203, quoting Labor Department regulations.