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Глава 8. Контрфактивные суждения: глубинный анализ миров, которые могли бы существовать

Глава 8. Контрфактивные суждения: глубинный анализ миров, которые могли бы существовать

Annotated Bibliography

The definition of counterfactuals as derivatives of structural equations was introduced by Balke and Pearl (1994a, 1994b) and was used to estimate probabilities of causation in legal settings. The relationships between this framework and those developed by Rubin and Lewis are discussed at length in Pearl (2000, Chapter 7), where they are shown to be logically equivalent; a problem solved in one framework would yield the same solution in another.

Recent books in social science (e.g., Morgan and Winship, 2015) and in health science (e.g., VanderWeele, 2015) are taking the hybrid, graph-counterfactual approach pursued in our book.

The section on linear counterfactuals is based on Pearl (2009, pp. 389–391), which also provides the solution to the problem posed in note 12. Our discussion of ETT is based on Shpitser and Pearl (2009). Legal questions of attribution, as well as probabilities of causation, are discussed at length in Greenland (1999), who pioneered the counterfactual approach to such questions. Our treatment of PN, PS, and PNS is based on Tian and Pearl (2000) and Pearl (2009, Chapter 9). A gentle approach to counterfactual attribution, including a tool kit for estimation, is given in Pearl, Glymour, and Jewell (2016). An advanced formal treatment of actual causation can be found in Halpern (2016).